СРОЧНО!!! Помогите перевести текст с английского на русский: The Printed Word The earliest books Were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of wood were covered with wax, and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”. These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much later. Books were quite common in ancientRome: we know that there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B. C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwriting and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing was a really great event in history. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. InEuropethere were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg fromGermany. Printing spread quickly over Europeand by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing press inEngland was set up by William Caxton atWestminster in 1476, and the first printing press inRussia – by Ivan Fedorov inMoscow in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were more and more people inEurope who could read and they wanted more and more books. That led to opening more libraries. Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By end by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (The British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing Library in China , the State Public Library in Moscow. The world’s largest is the US library of Congress. It holds about 90 million items – books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800 in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and the British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public Library inMoscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of books. Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story. ЗАРАНЕЕ СПАСИБО!!!
Were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of wood were covered with wax, and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”. These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much later. Books were quite common in ancientRome: we know that there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B. C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwriting and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing was a really great event in history. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. InEuropethere were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg fromGermany. Printing spread quickly over Europeand by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing press inEngland was set up by William Caxton atWestminster in 1476, and the first printing press inRussia – by Ivan Fedorov inMoscow in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were more and more people inEurope who could read and they wanted more and more books. That led to opening more libraries. Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By end by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (The British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing Library in China , the State Public Library in Moscow. The world’s largest is the US library of Congress. It holds about 90 million items – books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800 in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and the British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public Library inMoscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of books. Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story. ЗАРАНЕЕ СПАСИБО!!!
Печатное слово Самые ранние книги писались на деревянных дощечках или кусочках коры. В Греции и Риме, деревянные дощечки покрывались слоем воска и написание на них производилось палочкой под названием "стилус". Эти дощечки были совмещены с одной стороны тонкими полосками кожи или металлическими кольцами. В Ассирийских и Вавилонских глиняных табличках использовались для написания слов маленькие кусочки дерева. После закалки, таблички клались на полки, так же как мы держим книги сегодня. Хоть эти глиняные таблички и не выглядели очень красиво, они были долговечны и некоторые из них дожили до сегодняшнего дня. Ранние книги древнего мира были написаны на папирусе и шкурах молодых животных. Такие книги приняли форму длинной полосы, скрученной с одного цилиндра до другого. Эти рукописи были известны римлянам как волюмены, которые происходят от слова volume. (прим. автора: volume - объем, масса. Свитки волюмены были очень большие по объему) Хоть и бумага была известна в Китае с первого века, секрет изготовления бумаги пришел в Европу гораздо позже. Схожими книги были в древнем Риме: мы знаем, что существовало много продавцов книг и первая публичная библиотека была основана около 39 г. до н.э. Только богатые люди могли позволить себе купить книгу или заставить своих рабов копировать книги из внушительных библиотек. К Средневековью, все книги были рукописными и часто были красиво украшены. Библиотеки использовали цепи для книг и полок, для того чтобы они не могли быть вынесены из здания. Но и немногие люди могли их читать. Изобретение печати было действительно великим событием в истории. Первые люди которые её изобрели были Китайцами. В Европе было несколько человек, которых можно назвать изобретателями печати. Самый известный - Иоганн Гутенберг, из Германии. Печать очень быстро распространилась по Европе и к концу 15 века насчитывалось более 200 печатных станков (прессов). Ранние печатники были не только ремесленники, но и редакторы, издатели, книготорговцы. Первый печатный станок в Англии был установлен Уильямом Кекстоном в Вестминстере в 1476, а в России - Иваном Федоровым в Москве, в 1564. Вскоре печатные книги достигли очень высоких стандартов и ремесленники по праву гордились своей работой. В итоге все больше и больше людей в Европе, которые умели читать, требовали больше книг. Это привело к открытию множества библиотек. Ранние библиотеки использовались только учеными и были малы. Вскоре они выросли в числе и использовались публично. В 19 веке открылась правильная система публичных библиотек. Большинство стран имело свои национальные библиотеки. Большинство старых университетских библиотек имеют богатые коллекции книг: Оксфорд и Кембридж в Англии, Гарвард и Йель в Соединенных Штатах. Среди великих библиотек мира можно назвать Библиотеку Британского Музея (British Library) в Лондоне, Библиотеку Конгресса в Соединенных Штатах, Национальную библиотеку Франции, Пекинскую библиотеку в Китае, Государственную публичную библиотеку в Москве. Крупнейшей в мире является библиотека Конгресса США. Она содержит около 90 миллионов единиц - книг и рукописей. Библиотека была основана в 1800 году в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, для использования Конгресса, а затем стала публичной библиотекой. Национальная библиотека Франции основна в 17-м веке, а Библиотека британского музея была создана в 18 веке. Государственная публичная библиотека в Москве была основана в 1862 году и так же имеет уникальные коллекции книг.Современные библиотеки делают все возможное, чтобы помочь людям получить информацию как можно быстрее. Они используют компьютеры и электронные базы. Наверное, самая сложная проблема для любой библиотеки, это сохранение своих книг, журналов и фильмов. Как они это делают это уже новая история.
Также наши пользователи интересуются:
Во время экскурсии в один автобус сели 48 человек а в другой- на 6 человек меньше. Ск?Напишите названия 3-5 продуктов труда,которые могли произвести и обменять люди про
⭐⭐⭐⭐⭐ Лучший ответ на вопрос «СРОЧНО!!! Помогите перевести текст с английского на русский: The Printed Word The earliest books » от пользователя Ayzhan Povalyaeva в разделе Английский язык. Задавайте вопросы и делитесь своими знаниями.
Открой этот вопрос на телефоне - включи камеру и наведи на QR-код!